Школьник Украины

Класификация солей

Класификация солей. Средние соли, их состав, названия
Солями называют сложные вещества, образованные атомами металлов и кислотных остатков. Сумма единиц валентности металла должна быть равна сумме единиц валентностей кислотного остатка. Соли по своему составу делятся на средние, кислые, основные и двойные. · Средние (нормальные); Образующиеся при полном замещении атомов водорода в молекулах кислот атомами металлов. Например, Na2CO3, BaCl2. · Кислые;

Образующиеся при неполном замещении атомов водорода в молекулах кислот атомами металлов. Например, NaHCO3, KH2PO4. · Основные; Образующиеся при неполном замещении гидроксильных групп в молекулах оснований кислотными остатками. Например, MgOHCl, BaOHBr. · Двойные; Образующиеся при замещении атомов водорода в молекулах кислот двумя различными металлами. Например, KAlSO4, K2NaPO4. Теперь перейдем к более подробному рассмотрению средних солей. По современной украинской научной номенклатуре название соли образуют из названия катиона и аниона. Если металл проявляет переменную валентность, то ее обязательно указывают в названии соли. Название аниона (кислотного остатка) образуется от названия соответствующей кислоты, исключая из названия кислоты окончание-на. Например, кальций карбонат CaCO3, меди (II) нитрат Cu (NO3)2, натрий ортофосфат Na3PO4.

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