Школьник Украины

Основы, их состав, названия

Основы, их состав, названия. Класифiкация основ
Основами называют сложные вещества, в состав которых входят атомы металлов, соединенных с одной или несколькими гидроксильными группами OH. Гидроксогрупа является одновалентной. Число гидроксогруп определяется валентностью металла. Состав основ можно выразить общей формулой: где n - валентность металла Ме.

По современной украинской научной номенклатуре название основы образуют из названия катиона и слова гидроксид. Если металл проявляет переменную валентность, то ее обязательно указывают в названии основания. Например, натрий гидроксид NaOH, меди (II) гидроксид Cu (OH)2. Основы подразделяют на растворимые в воде (щелочи) и нерастворимые в воде. К щелочам относятся гидроксиды щелочных металлов: литий гидроокись LiOH, натрий гидроксид NaOH, калий гидроксид KOH, рубидий гидроксид RbOH, цезий гидроксид CsOH и щелочноземельных металлов: кальция гидроксид Ca (OH)2, барий гидроксид Ba (OH)2, стронций гидроксид Sr (OH)2. К нерастворимых оснований относятся гидроксиды всех других металлов. Например, меди (II) гидроксид Cu (OH)2, алюминий гидроксид Al (OH)3 феррум (III) гидроксид Fe (OH)3.

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